LoRaWAN is defined as a system architecture and communication protocol in the network, while LoRa is a physical layer that allows the establishment of long-distance communication connections.

Network architecture and protocols are the most influential factors in determining a node’s battery life, network capacity, service quality, security level, and the range of applications served. by network.

The basic software structure of a device that supports LoRaWAN is as follows:

In this structure, the LoRaWan includes the LoRa Mac (Class A, Class B, Class C) and operates on the PHY class as the LoRa chip. In each different region of the world, the LoRaWan device must be configured for the Lora chip to operate in the permitted band such as EU is 868MHz, US is 915MHz, �For more information about LoRa activities in regions around the world, visit the LoRaWAN Regional Parameter brochure provided by LoRa Alliance.

Network architecture of LoRaWAN

Many current network models are deployed based on a “mesh” network architecture. Within a “mesh” network, separate “end-nodes” will forward information to other “nodes” to increase communication coverage and increase network coverage. However, this increases adding complexity, reducing network capacity, and in particular, reduces battery life when “nodes” receive and send information from other “nodes” that may not be relevant to them. The “Star” network architecture, meanwhile, helps maintain battery life, while also enabling long-term communications.

In a LoRaWAN network, “nodes” do not need to be tied to a specific gateway. Instead, data transmitted by a regular “node” will be received by multiple “gateways” to demonstrate flexibility in connectivity. Each gateway will forward packets received from the “end-nodes” to the “cloud server” through connections such as Cellular, Ethernet, Wifi, or even via satellite.

In short, in a LoRaWAN network there will be 2 types of devices:

+ End-Devices (End-nodes): are sensors, monitoring devices, actuators installed in remote working locations to collect and send data to central devices. There are 3 types of end-devices: Class A, Class B and Class C.

+ Gateway: The central device will collect data from end-devices and send it to a server to process data.

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Similar to Sigfox and operating in the 1Ghz band, the goal is to provide a low-cost wireless network with typical features: high scalability, high coverage and extremely low energy consumption. Neul uses the Iceni chip, which in the media uses “the white space radio” to access the high-quality UHF band currently available due to the transition from analogue television technology to digital. The communication technology is called “Weightless”, ie a wide area wireless network technology, designed for IoT applications, directly competing with existing solutions such as GPRS, 3G, CDMA. and LTE WAN. Data rates can range from a few bits per second to 100kbps on the same link, and especially with this technology, the device can consume very small power, from 20 to 30mA from 2xAA batteries, ie can be used from 10 to 15 years with the battery.

Specifications of Neul

+ Frequency range: 900MHz (ISM), 458MHz (UK), 470-790MHz (White Space)

+ Distance: 10Km

+ Transfer rate: from several bps to 100kbps

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What is Sigfox?

Sigfox is a mobile network-like system that uses Ultra Band (UNB) technology to connect devices remotely. The goal of the technology is for use in communications applications with low speeds, long distances and extremely low power consumption. In addition, it requires lower antenna requirements than GSM / CDMA mobile networks. Sigfox uses free ISM bands that do not need to be licensed to transmit data.

The idea of Sigfox was formed from demand: For M2M applications using battery power and requiring only low data transmission speed, the transmission range of Wifi is too short, while for mobile networks, It’s too expensive and energy consuming. With UNB technology, and designed to handle data transmission from 10 to 1000 bits per second, it only consumes 50 microwatts compared to 5000 microwatts of mobile phone network. Or simply, with a 2.5Ah battery, with Sigfox technology allows you to use up to 25 years instead of 0.2 years if used via mobile phone network.

Features / specifications of Sigfox technology:

+ Frequency: Unlicensed ISM Band 868 MHz(Europe), 915 MHz(USA)

+ Range: 30 to 50 Km (Rural areas), 3 to 10 Km (Urban areas)

+ Throughput: 100 bps

+ Payload size to be transmitted: Very less(about 12 bytes)

+ Power consumption: Very less, for example, energy meter in SIGFOX will consume 50 microwatts while in GSM cellular system it consumes 5000 microwatts

+ Stand by time for 2.5Ah battery: It takes 20 years in SIGFOX, while GSM cellular takes very less about 0 to 2 years

+ Uplink / Downlink: Supports mono as well as bi-directional communication

+ Frequency Hopping: Supported

+ Security/Privacy: SIGFOX employs various techniques to support this

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What is NFC?

NFC (Near-Field Communications) is a technology that connects wirelessly in a short range within a distance of 4 cm. This technology uses magnetic induction to make connections between devices (smartphones, tablets, speakers, headphones � when there is direct contact (touch).

What is NFC used for?

When both devices have NFC connectivity, you can touch them to activate this feature and quickly transfer files including contacts, music, photos, videos, applications or website addresses �In developed countries, NFC is also considered an electronic wallet when it can be paid online, conveniently and quickly.

In addition to helping transmit data as above, NFC also extends to the use such as you have to have a NFC tag on the table in the cafe, this card has pre-installed wifi, information of the shop �at this time you Get this NFC-enabled phone, it will turn on all the features that are built into that card without having to ask for staff. Or more advanced, maybe later when shopping in a large supermarket, swipe the NFC of your phone to pay money always.

-The specification of the NFC protocol:

+ Standard: ISO/IEC 18000-3

+ Frequency: 13.56MHz (ISM)

+ Range: 10cm

+ Data Rates: 100�20kbps

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For IoT / M2M applications that require long communication distances, or are not limited by geographical distance, the choice of data transmission line via GPRS / 3G / LTE mobile network is a good choice. Best. Of course, for solution design engineers, it is well known that transmitting data long distances will consume the corresponding energy. And the energy consumption factor is easily accepted in this problem.

Currently, the devices / terminals in the industry are supported to integrate physical communication ports as standard: RS232, RS485, RS422 or Ethernet. Since all mobile media are supported by Serial or Ethernet ports, the integration of wireless communication solutions is no longer difficult or limited by other objective factors.

Features of the Cellular protocol

+ Standard: GSM/GPRS/EDGE (2G), UMTS/HSPA (3G), LTE (4G)

+ Frequencies: 900/1800/1900/2100MHz

+ Range: 35km max for GSM; 200km max for HSPA

+ Data Rates (typical download): 35-170kps (GPRS), 120-384kbps (EDGE), 384Kbps-2Mbps (UMTS), 600kbps-10Mbps (HSPA), 3-10Mbps (LTE)

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What is Wifi?

Wifi (short for Wireless Fidelity or 802.11 network) is a wireless network that uses radio waves, just like cell phones, televisions and radios. Wifi connection is often the first choice of many solution engineers because of the commonality and economy of wifi and LAN systems with connection model in a limited geographical area.

The radio waves used for WiFi are similar to those used for handheld devices, mobile phones and other devices. It can transmit and receive radio waves, convert binary codes 1 and 0 into radio waves and vice versa. However, WiFi has some differences compared to other radio waves in that: They transmit and transmit signals at 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz. This frequency is higher than the frequencies used for mobile phones, handheld devices and televisions. Higher frequencies allow the signal to carry more data.

Currently, most wifi devices comply with the 802.11n standard, broadcast at 2.4Ghz and reach a maximum processing speed of 300Mbps.

Specification of Wifi:

+ Standard: Based on 802.11n (most common usage in homes today)

+ Frequencies: 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands

+ Range: Approximately 50m

+ Data Rates: 600 Mbps maximum, but 150-200Mbps is more typical, depending on channel frequency used and number of antennas (latest 802.11-ac standard should offer 500Mbps to 1Gbps)

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Thread is a new IP protocol, based on the IPv6 network designed specifically for automation in buildings and homes. It is not a favorite protocol for applications in IoT problems such as Zigbee or Bluetooth.

Launched in mid-2014 by Theard Group, the Thread protocol is based on various standards, including IEEE802.15.4, IPv6 and 6LoWPAN, and provides an IP-based solution for IoT applications. Designed to work with Freescale and Silicon Labs chip products (which support the IEEE802.15.4 standard), especially capable of handling up to 250 nodes with high authentication and encryption. With a simple software upgrade, it allows users to run Theard on current IEEE802.15.4 supported devices.

Basic technical standard of Thread

+Standard: Theard, based on IEEE802.15.4 and 6LowPAN.

+ Frequency: 2.4GHz (ISM)

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What is 6LoWPAN?

6LoWPAN stands for IPv6 protocol over low-power wireless PANs

6LoWPAN was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Foce (IETF), which enables data transmission over IPv6 and IPv4 protocols in low-power wireless networks with point-to-point (P2P) network structures. : point to point) and mesh. The standard is set to specify the characteristics of 6LoWPAN – allowing for widespread use in IoT applications.

The difference of 6LoWPAN compared to Zigbee, Bluetooth is: Zigbee or bluetooth are application protocols, and 6LoWPAN is a network protocol, allowing the regulation of message encapsulation and header compression. In particular, IPv6 is the successor of IPv4 and provides about 5 x 10 ^ 28 addresses for all objects in the world, allowing each object to be a specific IP address to connect to the Internet.

Designed to send IPv6 messages over the IEEE802.15.4 network and extended IP standards such as TCP, UDP, HTTP, COAP, MQTT and Websocket, which are standards that provide end-to-end nodes, enabling The router connects the network to the IP.

Basic technical standard of 6LoWPAN

+ Standard: RFC6282.

+ Frequency: (adapted and used over a variety of other networking media including Bluetooth Smart (2.4GHz) or ZigBee or low-power RF (sub-1GHz).

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The advantages of Z-Wave are extremely low power consumption and extremely high open platform. Currently, Z-Wave is mainly used in smarthome applications. In particular, every Z-Wave device in the system is a device that can both receive and broadcast, thus improving system stability.

In particular, Z-Wave has been integrated into many device manufacturers, this is a technology that is getting attention and manufacturers are focusing more on it.

Basic specifications of Z-Wave:

+ Standard: Z-Wave Alliance ZAD12837 / ITU-T G.9959

+ Frequency: 900MHz (ISM)

+ Range: 30m

+ Data Rates: 9.6/40/100kbit/s

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What is zigbee?

Zigbee, like Bluetooth, is a type of short-distance communication, currently used in large quantities and commonly used in industry. Typically, Zigbee Pro and Zigbee remote control (RF4CE) are designed based on IEEE802.15.4 protocol – is an industry standard physical communication protocol operating at 2.4Ghz commonly used in range applications. Short and frequent data transmission, but often, is judged suitable for applications in smarthomes or in an urban / apartment area.

Zigbee / RF4CE has a significant advantage in complex systems that require the following conditions: low power consumption, high security, the ability to expand the number of high nodes �for example the requirements of the M2M and IoT applications are typical. The latest version of Zigbee is 3.0, where the highlight is the merging of different Zigbee standards into a single standard:

+ Standard: ZigBee 3.0 based on IEEE802.15.4

+ Frequency: 2.4GHz

+ Range: 10-100m

+ Data Rates: 250kbps

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